Method For Mobility Management In A System Architecture Supporting Mobility Between Different Access Systems

ABSTRACT

A method for Mobility Management MM in a system architecture supporting mobility between different access systems having separate Core Network CN-level MM entities while using common MM Area, the method comprising a step of: when a User Equipment UE leaves the coverage of a first one of the access systems where it is in a Non Radio Connected state as seen from Radio Access Network RAN, but seen in Connected State from CN-level MM entity, for the coverage of a second one of the access systems where it is in Idle state as seen from CN-level MM entity, putting the UE into Idle state as seen from CN-level MM entity of said first access system.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is based on European Patent Application No. 07290450.1filed Apr. 12, 2007, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated byreference thereto in its entirety, and the priority of which is herebyclaimed under 35 U.S.C. §119.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention generally relates to mobile communication systems.

Detailed descriptions of mobile communication systems can be found inthe literature, in particular in Technical Specifications published bystandardisation bodies such as in particular 3GPP (3^(rd) GenerationPartnership Project).

2. Description of the Prior Art

In such systems, a mobile terminal or User Equipment (UE) has access tomobile services offered by a Core Network (CN) via an Access Network(AN), such as in particular a Radio Access Network (RAN).

There are different types of mobile services such as in particularPS-based services (where PS stands for Packet Switched) and IP-basedservices (where IP stands for Internet Protocol). The Core Network CNtherefore comprises different domains and/or subsystems such as inparticular PS domain and operator's IP network. In particular UE hasaccess to IP based services offered by an operator's IP network via anAccess Network AN comprising: Radio Access Network RAN, and Core NetworkPS domain providing IP connectivity.

Existing or Legacy systems include in particular 3G (3^(rd) Generation)systems. A typical example is UMTS (Universal Mobile TelecommunicationsSystem), including RAN called UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio AccessNetwork), and GPRS Packet Core Network (where GPRS stands for GeneralPacket Radio Service).

Now there is an evolution towards next generation or evolved systems,having enhanced performances. A typical example is 3G LTE (Long TermEvolution), including RAN called Evolved RAN, and CN called EvolvedPacket Core Network.

Mobility Management (MM) is an important issue in such systems. Thereare different MM functions such as in particular location updatefunctions and paging functions, the aim of such functions being toguarantee that a User Equipment UE can be reached even when there is noactive radio connection between the UE and the network.

In Legacy systems as well as in Evolved systems, MM functions areperformed at CN level, between UE and a CN-level MM Entity (MME), suchas Legacy MME (for example Serving GPRS Support Node SGSN) in 3G Legacysystems, or LTE MME in 3G LTE systems. For PS connections, different MMstates have been defined including in particular the following PMMstates as defined for Legacy 2.5G GPRS systems for example (where PMMstands for Packet Mobility Management). In PMM Connected state (where apacket signalling connection is established between UE and CN), CN knowsthe location of the UE with the accuracy of a cell. In PMM Idle state(where no packet signalling connection is established between UE andCN), CN knows the location of the UE with the accuracy of a Routing Area(RA). UE performs a RA update when its RA changes. UE may move from PMMConnected state to PMM Idle state if there is not enough activity on thepacket connection. If there is again some activity on the downlink forUE in PMM Idle state, paging of the UE is required to re-activate thepacket connection. Paging is performed over the last Routing Area (RA)where the UE is known to be located, i.e. where it is registered.

In 3G Legacy systems such as in particular UMTS, CN is released fromsome MM functions which can be performed at RAN level, such as inparticular at UTRAN level for UMTS (where UTRAN stands for UMTSTerrestrial Radio Access Network). For PS connections, different MMstates have been defined including in particular the following states asdefined for UTRAN-level MM for example. In a state called hereafterRadio Connected state, where Radio Bearers are established between UEand UTRAN, UTRAN knows the location of the UE with the accuracy of acell. In a state called hereafter Non Radio Connected URA-PCH state(where URA stands for UTRAN Registration Area and PCH stands for PagingChannel), where no Radio Bearers are established between UE and UTRANbut a signaling connection or Signaling Radio Bearer is establishedbetween UE and UTRANUTRAN knows the location of the UE with the accuracyof URA. UE performs URA update when its URA changes. UE may move from aRadio Connected state to Non Radio Connected URAPCH state if there isnot enough activity on this connection and user's mobility is such thatcell updates would occur too frequently. If there is again some activityon the downlink to UE in URA-PCH state, paging is required tore-establish the radio connection. Paging is performed over the last URAwhere UE is known to be located, i.e. where it is registered. Non RadioConnected URA-PCH state, as seen from UTRAN, is seen from CN as PMMConnected state. In a mode called RRC Idle mode (where RRC stands forRadio Resource Control), no Radio Bearers and no Signaling Radio Bearersare established between UE and UTRAN. RRC Idle mode as seen from UTRANis seen form CN as PMM Idle state.

The present invention more particularly relates to MM in a systemarchitecture supporting mobility between various access systems such asin particular Legacy and Evolved access systems, enabling in particularto provide IP-based services through various IP connectivity accessnetworks.

An example of system architecture supporting mobility between LTE andLegacy access systems is illustrated in FIG. 1.

The architecture illustrated in FIG. 1 comprises:

-   -   Multimode (Legacy/LTE) User Equipment (UE),    -   Legacy 3G Radio Access Network, such as for example UTRAN (UMTS        Terrestrial Access Network), including Radio Network Controller        (RNC) and Legacy Base Stations or Legacy Node B (such as in the        illustrated example Legacy NodeB 1, Legacy NodeB 2, Legacy NodeB        3),    -   LTE Radio Access Network, such as for example E-UTRAN, including        LTE Base Stations or LTE Node B (such as in the illustrated        example LTE NodeB 4 and LTE NodeB 5),    -   Legacy Mobility Management Entity (Legacy MME),    -   LTE Mobility Management Entity (LTE MME),    -   a Gateway SAEGW providing interconnection between access system        (Legacy and/or LTE) on one side, and an external IP network, not        illustrated, on the other side.

In this example of architecture, there is an as loose as possiblecoupling within the network infrastructure (both Core Network CN andRadio Access Network RAN) between LTE and Legacy technologies. There areseparate radio entities and separate entities handling the CoreNetwork-level mobility. The coupling between Legacy and LTE technologyis only provided by:

-   -   a signaling communication channel between the LTE-MME entity        handling the Core Network level mobility over LTE coverage and        the legacy-MME entity handling the Core Network level mobility        over legacy coverage    -   Gateway SAEGW.

In Idle mode, Legacy MME (respectively LTE MME) knows the location ofthe UE with the accuracy of a Routing Area (RA) (respectively TrackingArea (TA)). An UE performs a RA (respectively TA) update when its RA(respectively TA) changes. Paging is performed over the last RA(respectively TA) where the UE has been registered.

The area on which a UE is paged is generally called Paging Area (PA). PAcan be a portion of a RA (respectively TA) if sequential paging is used.

In an architecture supporting mobility between LTE and Legacy accesssystems, such as the one illustrated in FIG. 1 for example, a concept ofEquivalent RA(s) or TA(s) (or Equivalent or Common Paging Area) can beused to limit the amount of signalling due to Idle mode mobility (inparticular to minimize location update messages towards a subscriberdatabase such as Home Location Register (HLR)). Equivalent Paging Areais made of a set of RA(s) and a set of TA(s). With this concept, an UEis simultaneously attached to each coverage i.e. “attached” (registered)on both legacy-MME and LTE-MME. When UE moves between LTE Idle state,and RRC Idle mode or URA PCH state, UE does no signaling to the networkas long as the new cell is within one of the set of Equivalent RA(s) orTA(s). In the example of FIG. 1, TA1 and RA1 are in the same EquivalentArea.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention recognizes that problems may arise for paging anUE for incoming downlink traffic in an architecture (such as for examplethe one illustrated in FIG. 1) supporting mobility between Legacy andLTE systems and using the concept of Equivalent or Common MM Area (inparticular a Common Paging Area). Such problems can be explained forexample as follows.

In an architecture such as the one illustrated in FIG. 1 for example,the UE may be in either of the states illustrated in the table below, onboth LTE and Legacy coverage (only significant states are shown in thistable):

State as seen Radio from MME Radio bearers es- (legacy + State Statetablished* LTE MME)** applies to Comments Radio Yes Connected LTE/ WhenUE is at state Connected Legacy radio Connected on one coverage, it isradio Idle on the other one URA-PCH No (page) Connected 3G UE may beURA- Legacy PCH (over Legacy 3G) and Idle on LTE coverage. Idle No(page) Idle LTE/ UE may be Idle on Legacy both coverage *when RadioBearer connection is not established there is a need to page the UE todeliver incoming traffic **When state seen from MME is Connected, aradio signaling connection is established with the UE.

When the UE is in Radio Connected state on one coverage, there is noproblem in preventing the Core Network (SAEGW+MME on the other coverage)from trying to send a packet on the other coverage (preventing frompaging on the other radio coverage).

When the UE is in Idle mode on both coverage, there is no problem:paging needs to be sent over both radio coverage.

Problems arise when the UE is in Non Radio Connected state such asURA-PCH over legacy 3G coverage, and in Idle mode on LTE coverage.

In the example illustrated in FIG. 1, there is an URA zone inside RA1URA. The problem occurs when the UE roams in non active mode between theUMTS URA zone in Routing Area 1 (RA1) and the LTE Tracking Area 1 (TA1).Legacy MME has a bearer connection with the RNC that manages the URAzone (UE state being connected in the Legacy MME) and LTE MME has nobearer connection with any of the LTE NodeBs.

When the UE is in a state such as URA_PCH (aiming at preserving itsbattery) where Radio Bearers are not established for this UE, there is aneed to page the UE in order to (re)-establish the Radio Bearer requiredto send an incoming packet to the UE over radio.

In general, the paging mechanism must be:

-   -   As quick as possible (avoid waiting for a paging failure on one        coverage (LTE/Legacy) before initiating the paging on the other        coverage (Legacy/LTE))    -   Efficient, i.e. avoiding to page on both coverage (LTE/Legacy)        when it can be a priori known that this is useless.

Also, as a general consideration, while it is possible to modify theLegacy-MME entity due to the introduction of LTE (there are only fewLegacy-MME entities deployed in networks and these are provided by avery limited number of manufacturers), modification to Legacy radioentities should be envisaged as a last resort solution (much more nodesand manufacturers would be involved).

A first solution for solving the above-mentioned problems could be asfollows.

SAEGW could systematically broadcast Downlink (DL) traffic towards bothLTE-MME and Legacy-MME (regardless of user state).

However, when the UE is in Radio Connected state over one coverage (i.e.when there is actual traffic), there are following strong drawbacksthat:

-   -   traffic is duplicated over the CN (consumes unnecessary        bandwidth core on the path towards the coverage where UE is not        in Radio Connected state) and    -   useless paging occurs over the coverage where the UE is not in        Radio Connected state (and where the mobile is definitively not        listening).

As Downlink (DL) traffic is broadcast to both LTE-MME and legacy-MME,also when UE is actually in Radio Connected state, this useless CoreNetwork bandwidth consumption and paging occurs for each user packetwhich is a waste of resources.

A second solution for solving the above-mentioned problems could be asfollows.

Traffic could be sent to only the coverage where from CN (SAEGW), the UEis seen as in Connected mode.

However, a problem is that when the UE is in URA-PCH state, the CNbelieves the UE is in Connected mode and listening to Legacy coverage,whereas the UE might actually be camping on a LTE cell.

In other words, an UE in URA_PCH state under Legacy 3G coverage maysilently move to LTE coverage (if the RA that contains the URA and theTA are equivalent) and hence camp over LTE. The issue stems from thefact that the Core Network (legacy MME+LTE-MME) that is in charge ofpaging the UE on the whole Equivalent Paging Area believes the mobile isdefinitively reachable over Legacy coverage whereas UE may be actuallycamping over LTE coverage.

This means that downlink packet is sent from CN to Legacy radio, thatpages the UE (with repetition), needs to wait for some time for ananswer from UE that does not answer (as the UE has moved to LTEcoverage) and then only warns the Legacy-LTE that the UE is notreachable (putting the UE in Idle mode as seen from legacy-MME). Onlythen in this alternative would it be attempted to page the UE over LTEcoverage. This solution works, does not induce too much useless paging(only for the first packet arriving in this situation) but brings anextra delay for the transfer of this first downlink packet that mayprove to be not acceptable, as this first packet is likely to be aninvitation for a new call.

A third solution for solving the above-mentioned problems could be asfollows.

Legacy Radio Access Network could warn the Core Network when it has putthe UE in URA-PCH state, in which situation the CN would attempt thepaging over both coverage. This would optimize the paging but requiresmodifications from legacy RAN, which is not desirable at all.

Therefore, none of the above mentioned solutions is satisfactory, andthere is a need to efficiently handle paging for downlink incomingtraffic towards a UE being in following combination of states: the UE isin URA-PCH state (over Legacy 3G) and is camping over LTE coverage eventhough it is in Idle mode. The issue stems from the discrepancy betweenthe mobility state seen by the Core Network (UE is in Radio Connectedmode over Legacy radio hence reachable via this radio) and the actualstate of the UE (camping over LTE coverage).

The present invention in particular enables to solve part or all of theabove-mentioned problems, or to avoid part or all of the above-mentioneddrawbacks. More generally, it is an object of the present invention toimprove MM in an architecture supporting mobility between various accesssystems such as in particular Legacy 3G UMTS and Evolved access systems.

These and other objects are achieved, in one aspect of the presentinvention, by a method for Mobility Management MM in a systemarchitecture supporting mobility between different access systems havingseparate Core Network CN-level MM entities while using common MM Area,said method comprising a step of:

-   -   when a User Equipment UE leaves the coverage of a first one of        said access systems where it is in a Non Radio Connected state        as seen from Radio Access Network RAN, but seen in Connected        State from CN-level MM entity, for the coverage of a second one        of said access systems where it is in Idle state as seen from        CN-level MM entity, putting the UE into Idle state as seen from        CN-level MM entity of said first access system.

In an example, said method comprises:

-   -   a step wherein, when the UE leaves the coverage of the first        access system, the UE releases its radio signaling connection        over said first access system, thus putting the UE into Idle        state as seen from CN-level MM entity of the first access        system.

In another example, said method comprises:

-   -   a step wherein, when the UE leaves the coverage of the first        access system, the UE issues a location update towards the        CN-level MM entity of the second access system,    -   a step wherein, based on this location update, the CN-level MM        entity of the second access system updates the CN-level MM        entity of the first access system, with the mobility state of        the UE,    -   a step wherein, based on this update, the CN-level MM entity of        the first access system releases the UE signalling radio        connection, thus putting the UE into Idle state as seen from        CN-level MM entity of the first access system.

In an example, said first access system corresponds to Legacy 3G system.

In an example, said second access system corresponds to LTE system.

In an example, said Non Radio Connected state corresponds to URA_PCHstate.

These and other objects are achieved, in another aspect of the presentinvention, by a mobile terminal or User Equipment (UE), and by accesssystem entities, for performing a method according to the presentinvention, in particular entities in charge of Mobility Management MM,such as in particular CN-level Legacy MM Entity (Legacy MME), andCN-level LTE MM Entity (LTE MME).

Another aspect of the present invention is therefore a User EquipmentUE, for a system architecture supporting mobility between differentaccess systems having separate Core Network CN-level MM entities whileusing common MM Area, said UE comprising:

-   -   means for, when the UE leaves the coverage of a first one of        said access systems where it is in a Non Radio Connected state        as seen from Radio Access Network RAN, but seen in Connected        State from CN-level MM entity, for the coverage of a second one        of said access systems where it is in Idle state as seen from        CN-level MM entity, releasing its radio signaling connection        over said first access system, thus putting the UE into Idle        state as seen from CN-level MM entity of the first access        system.

Another aspect of the present invention is therefore a User EquipmentUE, for a system architecture supporting mobility between differentaccess systems having separate Core Network CN-level MM entities whileusing common MM Area, said UE comprising:

-   -   means for, when the UE leaves the coverage of a first one of        said access systems where it is in a Non Radio Connected state        as seen from Radio Access Network RAN, but seen in Connected        State from CN-level MM entity, for the coverage of a second one        of said access systems where it is in Idle state as seen from        CN-level MM entity, issuing a location update towards the        CN-level MM entity of the second access system.

Another aspect of the present invention is therefore a Core NetworkCN-level Mobility Management MM entity of a first access system in asystem architecture supporting mobility between different access systemsincluding a first and a second access system having separate CoreNetwork CN-level MM entities while using common MM Area, said entitycomprising:

-   -   means for releasing a UE signalling connection, based on a        mobility state update received from the CN-level MM entity        associated with the second access system, in turn based on a        location update issued by the UE when the UE leaves the coverage        of the first access system where it is in a Non Radio Connected        state as seen from Radio Access Network RAN, but seen in        Connected State from CN-level MM entity, for the coverage of the        second access system where it is in Idle state as seen from        CN-level MM entity, thus putting the UE into Idle state as seen        from CN-level MM entity of the first access system.

Another aspect of the present invention is therefore a Core NetworkCN-level Mobility Management MM entity associated with a second accesssystem in a system architecture supporting mobility between differentaccess systems including a first and a second access system havingseparate Core Network CN-level MM entities while using common MM Area,said entity comprising:

-   -   means for updating the CN-level MM entity associated with the        first access system, with the mobility state of an UE, based on        a location update issued by the UE when the UE leaves the        coverage of the first access system where it is in a Non Radio        Connected state as seen from Radio Access Network RAN, but seen        in Connected State from CN-level MM entity, for the coverage of        the second access system where it is in Idle state as seen from        CN-level MM entity of the second access system.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

These and other objects of the present invention will become moreapparent from the following description taken in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings:

FIG. 1 is intended to illustrate an example of system architecture towhich the present invention applies,

FIG. 2 is intended to illustrate an example of a method according to thepresent invention,

FIG. 3 is intended to illustrate another example of a method accordingto the present invention.

MORE DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention may also be explained as follows, to simplifybased on the example of system architecture illustrated in FIG. 1.

In this example, the present invention recognizes that a way to solvethe above mentioned problems, is, when an UE leaves the 3G Legacycoverage where it was in URA-PCH state, to have the URA-PCH state beenreleased over Legacy radio for this UE, thus putting this UE into Idlemode from the CN.

When the UE leaves the 3G Legacy coverage where it was in URA-PCH stateto go to LTE coverage, there are two potential situations:

-   -   The UE is still able to contact 3G radio: In this case, a        solution is that the UE releases the radio signaling connection        over 3G before going to LTE, such as illustrated at 1 in FIG. 2,        thus aligning the mobility state over radio and over the CN        (both being set to Idle)    -   There is no more adequate 3G radio coverage: in this case, a        solution is that the UE issues a Tracking Area Update towards        the LTE-MME, such as illustrated at 2 in FIG. 3. Based on this        Tracking Area Update, LTE-MME updates legacy-MME with the        mobility state of the UE, such as illustrated at 3 in FIG. 3.        Receiving a mobility state update from LTE-MME for a UE that it        still considers in Connected mode over legacy, the SGSN releases        the radio legacy connection for this UE, such as illustrated at        4 in FIG. 3, putting the UE into correct state (Idle) for legacy        coverage.

Based on this behavior of the UE, the dual mode (LTE-legacy) UE may onlybe:

-   -   1. In Connected mode over one single coverage over which it is        effectively camping.    -   2. Or in Idle mode over any of both coverage

When there is a DL incoming packet:

-   -   1. In the former case, the CN can send the packet (and the        potential induced paging if the UE is actually in URA-PCH state)        over one single radio coverage    -   2. In the latter case, the CN has to require paging over both        coverage.

There is no excessive paging in this case, as paging over doublecoverage occurs only when the network needs to wake the UE (i.e. for thevery first packet to be sent to the UE).

In addition to a method for Mobility Management MM in a systemarchitecture supporting mobility between different access systems (forexample a method as disclosed above) the present invention also has forits object entities such as a mobile terminal or User Equipment (UE),and access system entities, for performing a method according to thepresent invention, in particular entities in charge of MobilityManagement MM, such as in particular CN-level Legacy MM Entity (LegacyMME), and CN-level LTE MM Entity (LTE MME).

The detailed implementation of the above-mentioned means does not raiseany special problem for a person skilled in the art, and therefore suchmeans do not need to be more fully disclosed than has been made above,by their function, for a person skilled in the art.

1-12. (canceled)
 13. An apparatus comprising: User Equipment (UE)configured to issue a Tracking Area Update associated with the UEcamping over from a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)system in Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)Registration Area Paging Channel state (URA-PCH) to a Long TermEvolution (LTE) system in Idle state.
 14. The apparatus of claim 13,wherein the UE is configured to send the Tracking Area Update to aMobility Management Entity (MME) associated with the LTE system.
 15. Theapparatus of claim 13, wherein the UE is configured to register with theUMTS system and the LTE system.
 16. The apparatus of claim 13, whereinthe UE is configured to register with a Mobility Management Entity (MME)associated with the LTE system and a Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) ofthe UMTS system before the UE camping over to the LTE system.
 17. Theapparatus of claim 13, wherein camping over includes moving innon-active mode from the UMTS system to the LTE system.
 18. Theapparatus of claim 13, wherein the UE is a dual mode or multimode mobileterminal.
 19. An apparatus comprising: a Mobility Management Entity(MME) of a Long Term Evolution (LTE) system, the MME configured toreceive a Tracking Area Update based on a User Equipment (UE) campingover from a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) system ina Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) Registration AreaPaging Channel state (URA-PCH) to a LTE system in an Idle state; andwherein the MME is configured to send to a Serving GPRS Support Node(SGSN) of said UMTS system an update based on the received Tracking AreaUpdate.
 20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the MME is configured toreceive the Tracking Area Update after the UE is registered with the MMEand the SGSN.
 21. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the update is basedon a mobility state of the UE.
 22. A node apparatus for a UniversalMobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), comprising: a Serving GPRSSupport Node (SGSN) entity configured to receive an update based on aTracking Area Update in response to a User Equipment (UE) camping overfrom a UMTS system in a Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network(UTRAN) Registration Area Paging Channel state (URA-PCH) to a Long TermEvolution (LTE) system in an Idle state; and wherein the SGSN isconfigured to release a connection to the UE based on the update. 23.The SGSN of claim 22, wherein to release the connection is to place theUE in an Idle state.
 24. The SGSN of claim 22, wherein the UE configuredto be registered with the SGSN entity and a Mobility Management Entity(MME) associated with the LTE system before the SGSN is to receive theupdate.
 25. The SGSN of claim 22, wherein the update is based on themobility state of the UE.
 26. A method for Mobility Management, themethod comprising: generating a Tracking Area Update in response to aUser Equipment (UE) camping over from a Universal MobileTelecommunications System (UMTS) system in Universal Terrestrial RadioAccess Network (UTRAN) Registration Area Paging Channel state (URA-PCH)to a Long Term Evolution (LTE) system in Idle state; and sending theTracking Area Update to a Mobility Management Entity (MME) of the LTEsystem.
 27. A method for Mobility Management, the method comprising:receiving at a Mobility Management Entity MME of an LTE system aTracking Area Update based on a user equipment (UE) camping over from aUniversal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) system in UniversalTerrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) Registration Area PagingChannel state URA-PCH to a LTE system in an Idle state, and sending anupdate to a Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) of said UMTS system basedon the received Tracking Area Update.
 28. A method for MobilityManagement, the method comprising: receiving at a Serving GPRS SupportNode (SGSN) of a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), anupdate based on a Tracking Area Update issued in response to a UserEquipment (UE) camping over from the UMTS system in a UniversalTerrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) Registration Area PagingChannel state (URA-PCH) to a Long Term Evolution (LTE) system in an Idlestate; and sending a release message based on the update to release aconnection of the UE.
 29. An apparatus comprising: an Evolved Node Bconfigured to receive a Tracking Area Update from a User Equipment (UE)camping over from a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)apparatus in Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN)Registration Area Paging Channel state (URA-PCH) to a Long TermEvolution (LTE) system apparatus in an Idle state; and wherein theEvolved Node B is configured to send said Tracking Area Update to aMobility Management Entity (MME) associated with the LTE system.
 30. Amethod comprising: determining a coverage area condition associated witha Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) entity; transmittinga Tracking Area Update to a Long Term Evolution (LTE) entity based onthe coverage area condition; and switching from a Universal TerrestrialRadio Access Network (UTRAN) Registration Area Paging Channel state(URA-PCH) to an Idle state to release a User.